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adie_tonic_pupil [2026/06/22 00:11] – created Scott Larsonadie_tonic_pupil [2026/06/22 00:39] (current) – [Characteristics] Scott Larson
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 ====== Adie tonic pupil ====== ====== Adie tonic pupil ======
-   damage to the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the ciliary ganglion or short ciliary nerves +   Damage to the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the ciliary ganglion or short ciliary nerves 
-   characterized by denervation supersensitivity of the iris sphincter muscle+   Characterized by denervation supersensitivity of the iris sphincter muscle
  
 +====Characteristics====
 +  * Anisocoria worse in bright light (poor iris sphincter constriction)
 +  * Most often affects young to middle-aged women (average onset 32 years, prevalence estimated at 0.02%)
 +  * Unilateral in 80%
 +  * Light-near dissociation
 +    * dysinnervation of the iris sphincter parasympathetic innervation is present but recovery of the accommodative iris sphincter input occurs
 +    * slow tonic constriction to near fixation (light/near dissociation) and slow redilation
 +  * Segmental iris sphincter paresis produces vermiform movements 
 +
 +====Causes===
 +  * Idiopathic 
 +  * Infectious
 +    * HSV, VZV,  Syphilis 
 +  * Autoimmune/Inflammatory
 +    * Lupus 
 +    * Sjögren syndrome
 +    * Guillian-Barré syndrome
 +    * Miller-Fisher syndrome 
 +  * Autonomic neuropathy
 +    * Acute Pandysautonomia
 +    * Shy-Drager syndrome 
 +    * Ross syndrome ( tonic pupil + hyporeflexia +segmental anhidrosis)
 +  * Metabolic/Toxic
 +    * Diabetes
 +    * Chronic alcoholism 
 +    * toxic neuropathies
 +      * botulism 
 +  * Paraneoplastic
 +    * Small-cell lung carcinoma (ANNA-1/anti-Hu)
 +    * Hodgkin lymphoma
 +    * testicular seminoma
 +  * Ocular trauma
 +  * Hereditary 
 +    * Spinocerebellar ataxia
 +    * hereditary neuropathy
 +
 +====Testing====
 +  * Dilute pilocarpine test
 +    * Pilocarpine 0.0625%-0.125%  causes constriction of a tonic pupil with no effect on a normal pupil 
 +    * One study of 0.0625% pilocarpine showed 100% sensitivity and 82.8% specificity.  
 +    * Because this response is due to supersensitvity, it may not be present within 2 months of onset 
 +    * False positive results in pre ganglionic CN III lesions. 
 +  * Dilute Pilocarpine 1% in solution with sterile saline 
 +    * 1 part pilocarpine 1% and 9 parts saline gives 0.1%) 
 +
 +====Prognosis====
 +  * 25% get progressive smaller pupil with parasympathetic reinnervation 
 +
 +====References====
 +  - [[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8917782/|Adie's Pupil: A diagnostic challenge of the Physician. Sui-yi Xu et al. Med Sci Monit. 2022. 28:e934657-1-e93457-7]]
 +  - [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15582062/|The eye in neurological disease. Miller, Neil R and Newman Nancy J. Lancet. 2004. 364(9450):2045-54]]
 +  - [[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8115311/|Dilute pilocarpine test for diagnosis of Adie's tonic pupil. Yung-Ju Yoo et al.  Sci Rep. 2021. 11L:10089]]
 +  - [[https://eyewiki.org/Adie_Pupil|Eyewiki: Adie Pupil]]
 +  - [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11860969/|Leavitt JA, Wayman LL, Hodge DO, Brubaker RF. Pupillary response to four concentrations of pilocarpine in normal subjects: application to testing for Adie tonic pupil. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133:333-336]]